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- UNITED NATIONS
- PUBLISHED BY THE BUREAU OF PUBLIC AFFAIRS
- US DEPARTMENT OF STATE
-
- OCTOBER 1992
- Official Name: United Nations
-
- PROFILE
-
- Established: By charter signed in San Francisco, California, on
- June 26, 1945; effective October 24, 1945.
-
- Purposes: To maintain international peace and security; to
- develop friendly relations among nations; to achieve
- international cooperation in solving economic, social, cultural,
- and humanitarian problems and in promoting respect for human
- rights and fundamental freedoms; to be a center for harmonizing
- the actions of nations in attaining these common ends.
-
- Members: 178.
-
- Official languages: Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian,
- Spanish. Principal organs: General Assembly, Security Council,
- Economic and Social Council, Trusteeship Council, International
- Court of Justice, Secretariat. Budget: UN assessed budget
- (calendar year 1991)--$1.2 billion. US share--$298 million. In
- calendar 1991, the United States paid its full assessment of $1.1
- billion to the United Nations, its agencies, and other
- international organizations, including UN peace-keeping
- operations, voluntary contributions for other UN organizations
- such as UNICEF, and $25 million for UN refugee programs.
-
- Secretariat
- Chief Administrative Officer: Secretary General of the United
- Nations, appointed to a 5-yr. term by the General Assembly on the
- recommendation of the Security Council. Secretary General:
- Boutros Boutros-Ghali.
-
- Staff: A worldwide staff of 23,000, including more than 2,800 US
- citizens. The staff is appointed by the Secretary General
- according to UN regulations.
-
- General Assembly
-
- Membership: All UN members. President: Elected at the beginning
- of each General Assembly session.
-
- Main committees: First--Political and Security, primarily
- disarmament; Special Political Committee. Second--Economic and
- Financial. Third--Social, Humanitarian, and Cultural.
- Fourth--Trusteeship. Fifth--Administrative and Budgetary.
- Sixth--Legal. Many other committees address specific issues,
- including peace-keeping, outer space, crime prevention, status of
- women, and UN Charter reform.
-
- Security Council
- Membership: Five permanent members (China, France, Russia, UK,
- US), each with the right to veto, and 10 non-permanent members
- elected by the General Assembly for 2-year terms. (In December
- 1991, Russia assumed the permanent Security Council seat
- previously held by the USSR.) Five non-permanent members are
- elected from Africa and Asia combined; one from Eastern Europe;
- two from Latin America; and two from Western Europe and other
- areas. Non-permanent members are not eligible for immediate
- reelection. The 1992 non-permanent members are Austria, Belgium,
- Cape Verde, Hungary, Japan, Morocco, Venezuela , Ecuador, India,
- and Zimbabwe.
-
- President: Rotates monthly in English alphabetical order of
- members.
-
- Economic and Social Council
- Membership: 54; 18 elected each year by the General Assembly for
- 3-year terms. President: Elected each year.
-
- Trusteeship Council
- Membership: China, France, Russia, UK, US.
-
- President: Elected each year.
-
- International Court of Justice
- Membership: 15, elected for 9-year terms by the General Assembly
- and the Security Council from nominees of national groups under
- provisions of the International Court of Justice Statute.
-
- BACKGROUND
- The immediate antecedent of the United Nations was the League of
- Nations. It was created under US leadership following World War
- I (although the United States never became a member). The League
- existed from 1919 until its reduced organization and functions
- were replaced by the United Nations in 1945.
-
- The idea for the United Nations found expression in declarations
- signed at conferences in Moscow and Tehran in October and
- December 1943. In the summer of 1944, representatives of the
- USSR, the UK, and the United States met at Dumbarton Oaks, a
- mansion in Washington, DC. Later, discussions among China, the
- UK, and the United States resulted in proposals concerning the
- purposes and principles of an international organization, its
- membership and principal organs, as well as arrangements to
- maintain international peace and security and international
- economic and social cooperation. These proposals were discussed
- and debated by governments and private citizens worldwide.
-
- On March 5, 1945, invitations to a conference to be held in San
- Francisco in April were issued by the United States on behalf of
- itself, China, the USSR, and the UK to 42 other governments that
- had signed the January 1, 1942, "Declaration by United Nations"
- and that had declared war on Germany or Japan no later than March
- 1, 1945. The conference added Argentina, Denmark, and the two
- republics of Belarus and the Ukraine, bringing the total to 50.
-
- The 50 nations represented at San Francisco signed the Charter of
- the United Nations on June 26, 1945. Poland, which was not
- represented at the conference but for which a place among the
- original signatories had been reserved, added its name later,
- bringing the total of original signatories to 51. The United
- Nations came into existence 4 months later, on October 24, 1945,
- when the Charter had been ratified by the five permanent members
- of the Security Council--China, France, the USSR, the UK, and the
- United States--and by a majority of the other signatories.
-
- UN membership is open to all "peace-loving states" that accept
- the obligations of the UN Charter and, in the judgment of the
- organization, are able and willing to fulfill these obligations.
- Admission to membership is determined by the General Assembly
- upon recommendation of the Security Council. In September 1991,
- there were 166 members. By August 1992, 179 countries were
- members of the UN. In September 1992, however, the General
- Assembly, by a vote of 127 to 6 with 26 abstentions, revoked
- Yugoslavia's membership, reducing the total to 178.
-
- In New York City, the UN owns its headquarters site , which is
- international territory. The UN headquarters building was
- constructed between January 1, 1949, and August 21, 1950, beside
- the East River on donated land. Under special agreement with the
- United States, certain diplomatic privileges and immunities have
- been granted, but generally the laws of New York City, New York
- State, and the United States apply.
-
- SECURITY COUNCIL
- Under the UN Charter, the Security Council has "primary
- responsibility for the maintenance of international peace and
- security," and all UN members "agree to accept and carry out the
- decisions of the Security Council in accordance with the present
- Charter."
-
- Other organs of the United Nations make recommendations to member
- governments. The Security Council, however, has the power to
- make decisions, which member governments must carry out under the
- Charter. A representative of each Security Council member must
- always be present at UN headquarters so that the Council can meet
- at any time.
-
- Decisions in the Security Council on all substantive matters--for
- example, a decision calling for direct measures related to the
- settlement of a dispute--require the affirmative votes of nine
- members, including the support of all five permanent members. A
- negative vote--a veto--by a permanent member prevents adoption of
- a proposal that has received the required number of affirmative
- votes. Abstention is not regarded as a veto. A permanent member
- usually abstains when it does not wish to vote in favor of a
- decision or to block it with a veto.
-
- A state that is a member of the UN but not of the Security
- Council may participate in Security Council discussions in which
- the Council agrees that the country's interests are particularly
- affected. In recent years, the Council has interpreted this
- loosely, enabling many countries to take part in its discussions.
- Non-members routinely are invited to take part when they are
- parties to disputes being considered by the Council.
-
- Although the UN Charter gives the Security Council primary
- responsibility for international peace and security, it
- recommends that states first make every effort to settle their
- disputes peacefully, either bilaterally or through regional
- organizations.
-
- Under Chapter Six of the Charter, "Pacific Settlement of
- Disputes," the Security Council "may investigate any dispute, or
- any situation which might lead to international friction or give
- rise to a dispute." The Council may "recommend appropriate
- procedures or methods of adjustment" if it determines that the
- situation might endanger international peace and security. These
- recommendations are not binding on UN members.
-
- Under Chapter Seven, the Council has broader power to decide what
- measures to be taken in situations involving "threats to the
- peace, breaches of the peace, or acts of aggression." In such
- situations, the Council is not limited to recommendations but may
- take action, including the use of armed force, "to maintain or
- restore international peace and security." This was the basis
- for UN armed action in Korea in 1950 and the use of coalition
- forces in Iraq and Kuwait in 1991.
-
- In the case of Iraq, the Security Council adopted 12 resolutions
- in 1990 that clearly laid out the path of peace for that country
- to follow. Those resolutions demanded that Iraq withdraw
- immediately and unconditionally from Kuwait, established an
- economic embargo against Iraq backed by force, and authorized the
- use of "all means necessary" to expel Iraqi armed forces from
- Kuwait if the Iraqis did not withdraw by January 15, 1991. When
- the Iraqis did not withdraw, the international coalition of
- forces launched Operation Desert Storm at 4:50 pm Eastern
- Standard Time on January 16 to force Iraq into complying with the
- 12 UN Security Council resolutions. As a result of that joint
- military operation, the Iraqi armed forces were expelled from
- Kuwait.
-